Dolor de cadera en adolescentes: estudio y tratamiento / Hip pain in adolescent: assessment and treatment

En adolescentes que consultan por dolor de cadera o pelvis, es crucial una adecuada historia clínica para orientarnos sobre la etiología del dolor y comprender los mecanismos que lo generan. Es importante conocer y realizar un exhaustivo examen físico, con especial énfasis en la cadera, incluyendo pruebas específicas para diferentes patologías, además de comprender las indicaciones de los diferentes estudios de imágenes, para así lograr un correcto diagnóstico.Entre las causas más frecuentes de coxalgia en adolescentes debemos considerar la epifisiolisis, el pinzamiento femoroacetabular con o sin roturas del labrum, las lesiones avulsivas de la pelvis, la coxa saltans, entre otras. Aunque son poco frecuentes, patologías sistémicas como reumatológicas y oncológicas también deben ser descartadas en adolescentes. Un diagnóstico de certeza nos permitirá realizar una adecuada estrategia de tratamiento, a fin de lograr una rehabilitación precoz y evitar futuras complicaciones.

In adolescents presenting with hip or pelvis pain, an adequate medical history is crucial to guide the etiology and understand the mechanisms that generate it. It is important to know and carry out an exhaustive physical examination, with special attention to the hip, including specific tests for different pathologies, in addition to understand the indications of the different imaging studies, in order to achieve a correct diagnosis. Among the most frequent causes of hip pain in adolescents, we must rule out slipped capital femoral epiphysis, femoroacetabular impingement with or without labral tears, avulsion lesions of the pelvis, snapping hip, among others. Although rare, systemic pathologies such as rheumatologic and oncologic diseases must also be ruled out in adolescents. An accurate diagnosis will allow us to carry out an adequate treatment strategy, in order to achieve early rehabilitation and avoid future complications.

Little League Shoulder in a 15-Year-Old Male Baseball Pitcher.

A 15-year-old baseball pitcher presented to physical therapy with a 1-week history of acute right shoulder pain experienced during the acceleration phase of throwing. The week after physical therapy evaluation, the patient returned with radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging results that revealed lateral physeal widening with adjacent edema. Additionally, a nondisplaced labral tear was noted. In this case, imaging was necessary for an accurate diagnosis of lateral physeal widening, commonly referred to as "Little League shoulder." J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018;48(1):51. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.7369.

Trends in the Presentation, Management, and Outcomes of Little League Shoulder.

BACKGROUND: With rising participation in youth sports such as baseball, proximal humeral epiphysiolysis, or Little League shoulder (LLS), is being seen with increasing frequency. However, there remains a paucity of literature regarding the causes, natural history, or treatment outcomes of LLS. PURPOSE: To analyze the demographic, clinical, and diagnostic features of a population of LLS patients, with an emphasis on identifying underlying risk factors for the development and recurrence of LLS after nonoperative treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A departmental database at a high-volume regional children's hospital was queried to identify cases of LLS between 1999 and 2013. Medical records were reviewed to allow for analysis of age, sex, athletic information, physical examination and radiologic findings, treatment details, clinical course, and rates of recurrence. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients (93 males, 2 females; mean age, 13.1 years; range, 8-16 years) were diagnosed with LLS. The number of diagnosed cases increased annually over the study period. All patients had shoulder pain with overhead athletics; secondary symptoms included elbow pain in 13%, shoulder fatigue or weakness in 10%, and mechanical symptoms in 8%. While the majority of patients (97%) were baseball players (86% pitchers, 8% catchers, 7% other positions), a small subset (3%) were tennis players. On physical examination, 30% were reported to have glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD), defined as a decreased arc of rotational range of motion of the shoulder. Treatment recommendations included rest in 99% of cases, physical therapy in 79% (including 100% of patients with GIRD), and position change upon return to play in 26%. Average time to full resolution of symptoms was 2.6 months, while average time to return to competition was 4.2 months. Recurrent symptoms were reported in 7% of the overall cohort at a mean of 7.6 months after initial diagnosis. The odds of recurrence in the group with diagnosed GIRD (14%) were 3.6 times greater than those without GIRD (5%; 95% CI: 0.7-17.1), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = .11). CONCLUSION: Little League shoulder is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. While most common in male baseball pitchers, the condition can occur in females, youth catchers, other baseball positions players, and tennis players. Concomitant elbow pain may be seen in up to 13%. After rest and physical therapy, recurrent symptoms may occur in a small subset of patients (7%), generally 3 to 6 months after return to sports. Almost one-third of LLS patients had GIRD, and this group had approximately three times higher probability of recurrence compared with those without GIRD.

Overuse throwing injuries in skeletally immature athletes--diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

The number of skeletally immature athletes participating in organized sport is near an all-time high. For nearly half a century, the medical community has investigated the link between shoulder and elbow injuries with repetitive throwing. Despite substantial literature and research, several controversies still exist, including when to begin throwing breaking pitches. Furthermore, despite introduction of pitch recommendations for youth baseball, misconceptions, poor understanding of, and adherence to these guidelines persist. High-velocity and high-volume throwing and throwing while fatigued are significant risk factors for injury. Improved awareness and adherence to throwing guidelines should limit the number of injuries. Proper identification and treatment of injuries when they do occur can allow our skeletally immature athletes to safely return to overhead sports activities.

What is the best evidence for the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis?

BACKGROUND: There are many different treatment methods for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). It was the purpose of this study to review the results from the literature for different methods of SCFE treatment and on the basis of level of evidence determine the current best evidence treatment. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken. Treatment results were grouped into 2 categories. The first was all methods without surgical hip dislocation, and the second was all methods in which surgical dislocation was used. RESULTS: For stable SCFEs without surgical dislocation, the best recommended treatment (mostly level IV) recommends in situ single screw fixation over multiple pin fixation, epiphysiodesis, osteotomy, or spica cast. For the unstable SCFEs without surgical dislocation (all level IV), the best recommended treatment is urgent reduction with decompression and internal fixation. For both stable and unstable SCFEs, the short-term small series in the literature (all level IV) does not demonstrate an advantage or improvement in outcomes compared with in situ single screw fixation for stable SCFE and urgent reduction, decompression, and internal fixation in unstable SCFEs. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic review of the literature recommends on the basis of level of evidence that the best treatment for a stable SCFE is single screw in situ fixation and for unstable SCFEs urgent gentle reduction, decompression, and internal fixation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of level IV studies.

[Skeletal trauma during the growing period. Radiological diagnostics]. / Skeletttraumatologie im Wachstumsalter: Radiologische Diagnostik.

Bone fractures in childhood are a common occurrence. A differentiated assessment of fractures is of great importance for the diagnostics, therapy planning and estimation of the prognosis. This review article explains the most important characteristics of skeletal trauma in childhood. Skeletal development, the mechanisms of fracture healing and growth disorders after injury to the epiphyseal plates and classification of fractures will be discussed and typical bone fractures in children and the pitfalls in X-ray diagnostics are demonstrated.

Anterior knee pain in the young athlete: diagnosis and treatment.

The underlying etiology of anterior knee pain has been extensively studied. Despite many possible causes, often times the diagnosis is elusive. The most common causes in the young athlete are osteosynchondroses, patellar peritendinitis and tendinosis, synovial impingement, malalignment, and patellar instability. Less common causes are osteochondritis dissecans and tumors. It is always important to rule out underlying hip pathology and infections. When a diagnosis cannot be established, the patient is usually labeled as having idiopathic anterior knee pain. A careful history and physical examination can point to the correct diagnosis in the majority of cases. For most of these conditions, treatment is typically nonoperative with surgery reserved for refractory pain for an established diagnosis.

Injuries about the hip in the adolescent athlete.

Athletic injuries in or around the hip in the adolescent athlete encompass possible causes such as a single, traumatic event to those of repetitive microtrauma. The injuries may involve the bone or the soft tissues, with former involving the epiphysis, apophysis, metaphysis, or diaphysis, whereas the latter includes muscles and tendons. With the improvements in surgical technique and instrumentation for hip arthroscopy and the development of magnetic resonance arthrography, clinicians have been able to diagnose and treat labral tears, hip instability, snapping hip, loose bodies, chondral injuries, and femoroacetabular impingement. The clinician needs to consider acquired conditions that may have coincidentally become apparent as a result of the adolescent's participation in an organized sports program. These include slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, and pathologic lesions and fractures. This study reviews the more common acute and chronic overuse injuries in or around the hip in the adolescent athlete and discusses hip injury prevention in this active patient population.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis with severe vitamin D deficiency.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is a relatively common disorder in late childhood and early adolescence, with an incidence in the United States of approximately 10 per 100,000. Although clinicians have theorized that contributing factors to the development of slipped capital femoral epiphysis include 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and other nutritional deficiencies, the roles of these factors have not been fully analyzed. This article presents a case of a morbidly obese 13-year-old African-American boy who presented with sudden worsening of chronic hip pain and was diagnosed with stable, bilateral, grade-III slipped capital femoral epiphysis and severe vitamin D deficiency. He was initially treated with bilateral single-screw percutaneous fixation, however, after continued pain and nonunion, a right valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy was performed in association with correction of his severe vitamin D deficiency. This procedure led to improvement of his hip function and successful resolution of the pain. Approximately 3 months after the second operation and vitamin supplementation, the patient had signs of union, and his weight bearing progressed without discomfort. Although the osteotomy provided substantial biomechanical advantage by changing the forces across the physis from shear to compressive, correction of the vitamin D deficiency was critical in providing metabolic capacity for bone healing. Vitamin D plays an important role in bone formation and development, but the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is not routinely measured during assessment and treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis patients. The early detection and proper treatment of vitamin D may assist in the treatment of patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: diagnosis and management.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is the most common hip disorder in adolescents, and it has a prevalence of 10.8 cases per 100,000 children. It usually occurs in children eight to 15 years of age, and it is one of the most commonly missed diagnoses in children. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is classified as stable or unstable based on the stability of the physis. The condition is associated with obesity and growth surges, and it is occasionally associated with endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism, growth hormone supplementation, hypogonadism, and panhypopituitarism. Patients usually present with limping and poorly localized pain in the hip, groin, thigh, or knee. Diagnosis is confirmed by bilateral hip radiography, which needs to include anteroposterior and frog-leg lateral views in patients with stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and anteroposterior and cross-table lateral views in patients with the unstable form. The goals of treatment are to prevent slip progression and avoid complications such as avascular necrosis and chondrolysis. Stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis is usually treated using in situ screw fixation. Treatment of unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis usually involves in situ fixation, but there is controversy about the timing of surgery, value of reduction, and whether traction should be used.

High-risk pediatric orthopedic pitfalls.

Pediatric patients often present to the emergency department with orthopedic pathology that can challenge the emergency department physician. This article focuses on key diagnoses that are frequently mismanaged. These diagnoses require specific knowledge to execute appropriate treatment. Pediatric fractures, compartmental syndrome, bone and joint infection, limp and non-accidental trauma are reviewed. Approach to the workup of these patients and treatment algorithms are discussed.

Incidence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a population-based study.

The incidence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) remains controversial. A population-based database was used to identify all residents of a Midwestern American county treated for a new diagnosis of SCFE. Between 1965 and 2005, 49 patients (aged 9-16 years) underwent treatment of SCFE. This represents an annual incidence of 8.3 unilateral cases and 0.5 bilateral cases per 100,000 children. In patients with unilateral disease, mild slips developed in nine contralateral hips (19%) at a mean of 166 days (range: 6-432 days). As all contralateral slips were mild, we recommend careful follow-up rather than prophylactic pinning of the contralateral hip.

Evolução do escorregamento epifisário proximal do fêrmur após tratamento não cirúrgico / Evolution of slipped capital femoral epiphysis after nonsurgical treatment

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento conservador em pacientes com epifisiólise proximal do fêmur (EEPF) e as complicações devidas à evolução da doença. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 18 pacientes (26 quadris) consecutivamente atendidos no período entre dezembro de 1996 e agosto de 2006 no Serviço de Ortopedia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, encaminhados por outros serviços com diagnóstico de EEPF e tratados de forma não cirúrgica. RESULTADOS: A progressão do escorregamento aconteceu em 19 quadris (73 por cento), sendo que, dos quadris com escorregamento leve, oito permaneceram leves, quatro progrediram para moderados e um tornou-se grave pela classificação Southwick. Dos seis quadris classificados como moderados, quatro evoluíram para grave e os dois graves acentuaram-se um pouco mais. Conclusões: Apesar de a indicação cirúrgica ser hoje consenso no tratamento do EEEP para evitar a progressão do escorregamento, há ainda pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado que são tratados de forma conservadora, e isto representa um grande erro, pois implica no aumento da morbidade da doença.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of conservative treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) and the complications due to the progression of the slip. METHODS: 18 patients (26 hips) seen consecutively from December 1996 to August 2006 at the Orthopedics Service of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, referred from other services with a SCFE diagnosis and treated without surgery were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Slip progression was observed in 19 hips (73 percent). Among the mild cases, 8 remained mild, four turned moderate and one became severe according to Southwick classification. Four out of the six originally moderate cases became severe and the two already severe cases worsened. Conclusion: Despite there being a consensus regarding the use of surgical treatment to prevent SCFE progression, some cases are still being treated conservatively. This represents a grave error, since it increases the morbidity of the disease.